Time

**Big Bang Theory Assignment**

2) Black holes are areas of intense gravitational pressure.
====3) Yes, because it inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded and cooled, going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size and temperature of our current universe. It continues to expand and cool to this day and we are inside of it. ==== ====4) Yes, there was really a big bang because creatures living on a unique planet, circling a beautiful star clustered together with several hundred billion other stars in a galaxy soaring through the cosmos, all of which is inside of an expanding universe that began as an infinitesimal singularity which appeared out of nowhere for reasons unknown. This is the Big Bang theory. ==== ====5) The abundance of the "light elements" Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of origins. 5/5 thanks ====

====1) The Gregorian calendar, also known as the Western calendar, or Christian calendar, is the internationally accepted and used civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named. ====

====2) A leap year (or intercalary or bissextile year) is a year containing one extra day (or, in the case of Lunisolar calendar, a month) in order to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year. ====

====3) Lunar Calendars - The Catholic Chruch maintained a tabular lunar calendar, which was primarily to calculate the date of Easter, and the lunar calendar required reform as well. A perpetual lunar calendar was created, in the sense that 30 different arrangements for lunar months were created. The tables can find the age of the moon on any date, and calculate the date of Easter. ====

====Julian calendar - The Julian calendar assumes that the time between vernal equinoxes is 365.25 days, when in fact it is presently almost exactly 11 minutes shorter. ====

====6) AD meaning Anno Domini, the year of Our Lord referring to the year of Christ’s birth. This is also a year 1. There is no year 0. ====

===__8) MYA is type genus of the family Myacidae. x ( Million Years Ago) __===

9) There is 22 periods. [|BIG BANG : Formation of the Universe], [|FORMATION OF EARTH] , [|CAMBRIAN : Explosion of Life on Earth] , [|PERMIAN : Largest Mass Extinction] , [|MESOZOIC : Age of Dinosaurs] , [|CENOZOIC : Age of Mammals] , [|STONE AGE : The Human Era] , [|ICE AGE : Extintion of Large Mammals] , [|NEOLITHIC : First Permanent Settlements] , [|BRONZE AGE : First Pharaos] , [|IRON AGE : Start of the Trojan War] , [|HELLENISTIC PERIOD] , [|ROMAN PERIOD] , [|BYZANTINE PERIOD] , [|MIDDLE AGES] , [|RENAISSANCE] , [|REFORMATION] , [|ENLIGHTENMENT] , [|INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION] , [|20th CENTURY] , [|21st CENTURY] , [|FUTURE].

====10) Eon - An indefinite and very long period of time, often a period exaggerated for humorous or rhetorical effect. A unit of time equal to a billion years. ====

====b) Epoch - A period of time in history or a person's life, typically one marked by notable events or particular characteristics. The beginning of a distinctive period in the history of someone or something. ====

====12) a) China- Incense Alarm Clock - Candles and sticks of incense that burn down at approximate predication speeds were also used as to estimate the passage of time. When the burning incense burnt and broke the threads, the bells fell down at preset interval to give an alarm. ====

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;"> b) Hour Glass - An hour glass filled with fine sand, poured through a tiny hole, at a constant rate. indicated a predetermined passage of time. An hour glass is basically 2 bubbles of glass with a narrow middle; wood is used to close off the sand. The sand is measured and sealed and the hour glass is turned over and over. This type of clock was the first one to not be dependent on the weather. It's used for short periods of time such as speeches, sermons, watch duty, cooking, and at sea to calculate one's position. ====

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">13) When well-regulated mechanical clocks became widespread in the early 19th century,[citation needed] each city began to use some local mean solar time. Apparent and mean solar time can differ by up to around 15 minutes (as described by the equation of time) due to the non-circular shape of the Earth's orbit around the sun. Mean solar time has days of equal length, and the difference between the two averages to zero after a year. ====

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">14) Atomic clocks are the most accurate time and frequency standards known, and are used as primary standards for international time distribution services, to control the wave frequency of television broadcasts, and in global navigation satellite system such as GPS. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock ==== ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">(Counting more ticks over a given interval, Gibble explained in, http://www.rps.psu.edu/time/keeping.html, allows you to make a more accurate clock.) In a standard atomic clock ====

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">15) A time zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. In order for the same clock time to always correspond to the same portion of the day as the Earth rotates (for example, the sun being at its highest point every day around noon), different places on the Earth need to have different clock times. Time zones have been used in modern times so similarly situated cities can keep exactly the same time, for simplicity and ease of communication. ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">16) The Prime Meridian is the meridian (line of longitude) at which the longitude is defined to be 0°.
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">The Prime Meridian and its opposite the 180th meridian (at 180° longitude), which the international Date Line generally follows, form a great circle that divides the Earth surface into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. ====

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">17) It will be 11:00 AM in Toronto. It will be 4:00 AM in London. It will be 8:00 PM in Moscow. It will be 1:00 AM in Tokyo. It will be 6:00 AM in Hawaii. ====

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">18) Daylight Saving Time – often referred to as "Summer Time", "DST" or "Daylight Savings Time" – is a way of making better use of the daylight by setting the clocks forward one hour during the long days of summer, and back again in the fall. Saskatchewan - Traditionally does not adopt Daylight Saving Time. Most of Saskatchewan uses Central Standard Time all year round. ====

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">19) Year zero" does not exist in the Anna Domini system usually used to number years in the Gregorian calendar and in its predecessor, the Julian calendar. In this system, the year 1 BC is followed by AD 1. However, there is a year zero in astronomical year numbering (where it coincides with the Julian year 1 BC) and in ISO 8601:2004 (where it coincides with the Gregorian year 1 BC) as well as in all Buddhist and Hindu calendars. ====

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">21) In general, the Judae-Christian concept, based on the Bible, is that time is linear, beginning with the act of creation by God. The general Christian view is that time will end with the end of the world. Others suggest that time is like a ray, having a beginning but going on forever into the future. Linear Time: A time base that makes the electron beam of a cathode-ray tube move at a constant speed along the horizontal time scale. ====

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">22) Ancient cultures such as Incan, Mayan, Hopi, and other Native American Tribes, plus the Babylonians, Ancient Greeks, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and others have a concept of a wheel of time, that regards time as cyclical and quantic consisting of repeating ages that happen to every being of the Universe between birth and extinction. Cyclical Time : Moving in cycles.  ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">Bonus: Fly like an Eagle

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">great one wrong but got bonus 22/22

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px;">1) I learned that PreCambrian is the longest era of the four billion years from the birth of Earth.
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">2) Paleozoic is the second longest era of the four era. Over 300 million years of life. Characterized by the appearance of primitive fishes, land plants, and primitive reptiles. ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">3) Mesozoic is the third longest era of the four era, it lasted over 100 million years (after Greek, "meso," middle).
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">4) Cenozoic is the shortest era of all of the four eras, 65 million years ago. It is the latest era of geologic time (after Greek "kainos," new) ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">9) PreCambrian is the oldest division of geologic time, named after Cambria, Wales, where fossils of the era were found.
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">10) I learned that the world have changed so much since the beginning of the world.

====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">The point of watching these videos is to learn how our planet comes about and what is going on in the out space. Another point to the reason we watch this video is that the continents are always moving, but they are very slow and it takes millions of years till we see it move. That is why we have earth quakes and some other natural disasters because the continents are always shifting. ====

**Part Two - Significant Evolutionary Information**

**1.) Lucy (hominid)** **Image** -[| http://msnbcmedia2.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/lucy-540x380.grid-6x2.jpg]  **Definition** - A ny of the modern orextinct bipedal primates of the family Hominidae, including all species of the genera Homo and Australopithecus.   **Fact** - Australopithecus afarensis is a hominid which lived between 3.9 to 3 million years ago belonging to the genus Australopithecus, of which the first skeleton was discovered on November 24, 1974 by Donald Johanson  **Example -** africanus, erectus

**2.) Fossils** **Image -** http://lifesciencedaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Fossils.jpg  **Definition -** The remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock: "sites rich in fossils".  **Fact -** There are two types of fossils: vertebrate and invertebrate. Vertebrate fossils come from animals that had bones. Invertebrate fossils come from plants or animals that didn't have bones.   Sometimes fossils are parts of bodies like bones and teeth. Sometimes they are parts of leaves. Other times they might be animal tracks.  **Example -** Molluscs, mammals and trees.

**3.) Charles Darwin** **Image -** http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_NHmGTuCTevI/TD1MF0bjbRI/AAAAAAAABH8/mUyQJBYZszA/s1600/pic001.jpg  **Definition**-Darwin: English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882).  **Fact** **-** Darwin Wanted to Be a Doctor, But He Couldn't Stand the Sight of Blood. Darwin's Nose Almost Cost Him The Voyage on the Beagle. Darwin Once Ate an Owl.
 * Example -survival the fittest **

**4) Relative Dating Techniques** **Image -** http://www.scienceclarified.com/photos/dating-techniques-3116.jpg  http://farm1.static.flickr.com/202/446582304_dd703b2546.jpg  **Definition -** In archaeology, the arrangement of artifacts or events in a sequence relative to one another but without ties calendrically measured time; the arrangement of artifacts in a typological sequence or seriation   **Fact -** It only sequences the age of things or determines if something is older or younger than other things. Some types of relative dating techniques include climate chronology, dendrochronology, ice core sampling, stratigraphy, and serration.
 * Examples - ** seriation - assemblages or artifacts from numerous sites, in the same culture, are placed in chronological order

**5) Absolute Dating Techniques** **Im****age -**[]  **Definition -** Relative dating is the science determining the relative order of past events, without necessarily determining their absolute age.  **Fact -** Relative dating can only determine the sequential order in which a series of events occurred, not when they occur, it remains a useful technique especially in materials lacking radioactive isotopes.
 * Examples - **
 * Radiocarbon dating - for dating organic materials
 * Dendrochronology - for dating trees, and objects made from wood, but also very important for calibrating radiocarbon dates
 * Thermoluminescence dating - for dating inorganic material including ceramics
 * Optically stimulated luminescence or optical dating for archaeological applications
 * Potassium-argon dating - for dating fossilized hominid remains

**6) Paleontology** **Im****age -** http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paleontologist_chipping.jpg/200px-Paleontologist_chipping.jpg  http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.earth-sciences/files/images/org/calgary/research/images/tripr.jpg  **Definition -** Study of early beings, science of the life of past geologic periods based on fossil remains.  **Fact -** Because few fossils are found in rock older than the late Precambrian era paleontology is generally concerned with only the past 600 million years. Although paleontology deals with early forms of life, it is usually treated as a part of geology rather than of biology.  **Examples -**related activities would be the search for and recovery of fossils, the reconstruction and cleaning of fossils, identification and cataloging of fossils, preparation of museum exhibits, and creating hypotheses and theories on ancient organisms' evolution and behaviors. Palaeontology lies on the boundary between biology and geology since palaeontology focuses on the record of past life but its main source of evidence is fossils.

**7) Anthropology** **Im****age -** http://neuroanthropology.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/triple-analogy-gell-language-of-the-forest1.jpg  http://www.picturesofrecord.com/forensic_anthropology_copy-medium.jpg  **Definition -** Anthropology is a social science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, social customs, and beliefs of humankind.  **Fact -** <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Anthropology is divided primarily into physical anthropology and cultural anthropology . <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 125%;">It has also differed from other sciences concerned with human social behavior (especially sociology) in its emphasis on data from non literate peoples and archaeological exploration. Emerging as an independent science in the mid-19th cent., anthropology was associated from the beginning with various other emergent sciences, notably biology, geology, linguistics, psychology, and archaeology. **Examples - Evolutionary stages**

**8) Stone Age** **Im****age -** http://www.kidspast.com/images/stone-age.jpg  **Definition -** The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used in the manufacture of implements with a sharp edge, a point, or a percussion surface.  **Fact -** The period lasted roughly 2.5 million years, and ended between 4500 and 2000 BCE with the advent of metalworking. Stone Age artifacts include tools used by humans and by their predecessor species in the genus Homo, as well as the earlier partly contemporaneous genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus. Bone tools were used during this period as well, but are more rarely preserved in the archaeological record. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of stone tools in use.  **Example** - neolithic

**9) Jericho (one of the oldest settlements)** **Im****age -** []  []  **Definition -** Jericho is a city located near the Jordan River in the <span class="wiki_link_ext">West Bank of the <span class="wiki_link_ext">Palestinian territories .  **Fact -** Jericho is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world with evidence of settlement dating back to 9000 BCE. During the Younger Dryas period of cold and drought, permanent habitation of any one location was not possible. However, the spring at what would become Jericho was a popular camping ground for Natufian hunter-gatherer groups, who left a scattering of crescent microlight tools behind them.  It is the capital of the Jericho Governorate and has a population of more than 20,000. Situated well below sea level on an east-west route 16 kilometers (10 mi) north of the Dead Sea, Jericho is the lowest permanently inhabited site on earth. It is also believed to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. **Example** - The city had a wall

**10) Agricultural Revolution (prehistory not in middle ages)** **Im****age -** http://www.kidspast.com/images/early-farming.jpg  http://mahmoodayashaddadalsaadi.wikispaces.com/file/view/agriculture_england2.jpg/177752283/agriculture_england2.jpg  **Definition -** The development of crop and animal raising as a food source among human communities to supplement hunting and gathering.  **Fact -** The **Neolithic Revolution** was the first agricultural revolution. It was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement. Archaeological data indicates that various forms of plants and animal domestication evolved independently in six separate locations worldwide circa 10,000–7000 years BP (8,000–5,000 BC ). The earliest known evidence exists in the tropical and subtropical areas of southwestern / southern Asia. **Example -** Revolution:mechanical,chemical,and biological.

awesome 48/48

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